Vasculotoxic Snake Bite -

Pathophysiology, Clinical Spectrum, and Management of Vasculotoxic Snake Envenomation: A Comprehensive Review

Vasculotoxic, Snakebite, Viperidae, Coagulopathy, Antivenom, Acute Kidney Injury. 1. Introduction Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) responsible for an estimated 1.8 to 2.7 million envenomations annually, with over 100,000 deaths and 400,000 permanent disabilities (WHO, 2019). The pathophysiological effects of snake venom are broadly classified into three categories: neurotoxic (elapids), myotoxic (sea snakes), and vasculotoxic (vipers). Vasculotoxic snake bites are characterized by their predilection for the vascular endothelium and hemostatic system. vasculotoxic snake bite

PLA2 enzymes damage endothelial cell membranes directly and promote the release of inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandins). They also inhibit platelet aggregation through the hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids, exacerbating the bleeding diathesis. with over 100