Eng — Rus

Britain (and later the US) supplied the USSR via perilous Arctic convoys to Murmansk and Archangel. British sailors lost over 3,000 lives on this route. The Soviets received thousands of tanks, aircraft, and millions of boots and tons of aluminum—material that helped them survive 1941–42 and win at Stalingrad.

In a symbol of this thaw, Tsar Nicholas II (whose mother was Danish) and King Edward VII (whose mother was Danish as well) were cousins. In 1909, Edward made a landmark state visit to Russia—the first and last by a reigning British monarch to Imperial Russia. The Russian Revolution of 1917 shattered everything. rus eng

Churchill met Stalin face-to-face three times. They respected each other’s ruthlessness but clashed over the post-war shape of Europe. Churchill’s "Percentages Agreement" (1944) attempted to divide Balkan influence—but it was swept away by Soviet military reality. Part 6: Cold War to Post-Soviet Thaw (1945–2020) By 1946, Churchill’s "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, defined the next 45 years. For the duration of the Cold War, Rus-Eng relations meant espionage (the Cambridge Five spy ring), nuclear standoffs, and proxy wars from Korea to Afghanistan. Britain (and later the US) supplied the USSR

Throughout the 1930s, British elites were deeply divided: some saw Stalin as a lesser evil to Hitler; others, like Winston Churchill, despised communism but pragmatically noted the need for a second front against Nazism. The German invasion of the USSR in June 1941 forced Britain and Soviet Russia into a wartime marriage of convenience. Churchill famously declared: "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons." In a symbol of this thaw, Tsar Nicholas

For the first time, Britain and Russia fought a major war against each other. The cause: Russian expansion into Ottoman territory. Britain, fearing Russian control of the Dardanelles and the route to India, joined France in attacking Russia. The war’s iconic disasters—the Charge of the Light Brigade, the Siege of Sevastopol—created deep mutual distrust. Over 600,000 died, mostly from disease.

Throughout the later 19th century, Britain and Russia competed for influence in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet. This Cold War-like espionage struggle was dubbed the "Great Game" by Rudyard Kipling. It never erupted into direct war, but it poisoned diplomacy.